Acharya, S. S. and Panigrahi, M. K.: Evaluation of factors controlling the distribution of organic matter and phosphorus in the Eastern Arabian Shelf: A geostatistical reappraisal, Cont. Shelf Res., 126, 79–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.08.001, 2016.
Allouche, O., Tsoar, A., and Kadmon, R.: Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS), J. Appl. Ecol., 43, 1223–1232, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x, 2006.
Atwood, T. B., Witt, A., Mayorga, J., Hammill, E., and Sala, E.: Global Patterns in Marine Sediment Carbon Stocks, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 165, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00165, 2020.
Berner, R. A.: The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition, Nature, 426, 323–326, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02131, 2003.
Bianchi, T. S., Aller, R. C., Atwood, T. B., Brown, C. J., Buatois, L. A., Levin, L. A., Levinton, J. S., Middelburg, J. J., Morrison, E. S., Regnier, P., Shields, M. R., Snelgrove, P. V., Sotka, E. E., and Stanley, R. R.: What global biogeochemical consequences will marine animal–sediment interactions have during climate change?, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9, 00180, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00180, 2021.
Bianchi, T. S., Brown, C. J., Snelgrove, P. V. R., Stanley, R. R. E., Cote, D., and Morris, C.: Benthic Invertebrates on the Move: A Tale of Ocean Warming and Sediment Carbon Storage, Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.10544, 2023.
Bondt, G.: Final Field report for the Eastern Shore Islands, CHSDIR Project Number: 2901633, 2019.
Bondt, G.: Final Field report for the Eastern Shore Islands. CHSDIR Project Number: 9000294, 2020.
Boumpoulis, V., Michalopoulou, M., and Depountis, N.: Comparison between different spatial interpolation methods for the development of sediment distribution maps in coastal areas, Earth Sci. Inform., 16, 2069–2087, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01017-4, 2023.
Brown, C. J., Smith, S. J., Lawton, P., and Anderson, J. T.: Benthic habitat mapping: A review of progress towards improved understanding of the spatial ecology of the seafloor using acoustic techniques, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 92, 502–520, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.02.007, 2011.
Buhl-Mortensen, P., Lecours, V., and Brown, C. J.: Editorial: Seafloor Mapping of the Atlantic Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 721602, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.721602, 2021.
Burdige, D. J.: Preservation of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments: Controls, Mechanisms, and an Imbalance in Sediment Organic Carbon Budgets?, Chem. Rev., 107, 467–485, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050347q, 2007.
Chase, A. P., Boss, E. S., Haëntjens, N., Culhane, E., Roesler, C., and Karp-Boss, L.: Plankton Imagery Data Inform Satellite-Based Estimates of Diatom Carbon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098076, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098076, 2022.
Collier, J. S. and Brown, C. J.: Correlation of sidescan backscatter with grain size distribution of surficial seabed sediments, Mar. Geol., 214, 431–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.011, 2005.
Dahl, M., Deyanova, D., Gütschow, S., Asplund, M. E., Lyimo, L. D., Santos, R., Björk, M., and Gullström, M.: Sediment Properties as Important Predictors of Carbon Storage in Zostera marina Meadows: A Comparison of Four European Areas, PLOS ONE, 11, e0167493, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167493, 2016.
Diesing, M., Kröger, S., Parker, R., Jenkins, C., Mason, C., and Weston, K.: Predicting the standing stock of organic carbon in surface sediments of the North–West European continental shelf, Biogeochemistry, 135, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0310-4, 2017.
Diesing, M., Mitchell, P. J., O'Keeffe, E., Gavazzi, G. O. A. M., and Bas, T. L.: Limitations of Predicting Substrate Classes on a Sedimentary Complex but Morphologically Simple Seabed, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 3398, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203398, 2020.
Diesing, M., Thorsnes, T., and Bjarnadóttir, L. R.: Organic carbon densities and accumulation rates in surface sediments of the North Sea and Skagerrak, Biogeosciences, 18, 2139–2160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2139-2021, 2021.
Epstein, G., Middelburg, J. J., Hawkins, J. P., Norris, C. R., and Roberts, C. M.: The impact of mobile demersal fishing on carbon storage in seabed sediments, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 2875–2894, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16105, 2022.
Epstein, G., Fuller, S. D., Hingmire, D., Myers, P. G., Peña, A., Pennelly, C., and Baum, J. K.: Predictive mapping of organic carbon stocks in surficial sediments of the Canadian continental margin, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2165–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2165-2024, 2024.
Feng, T., Stanley, R. R. E., Wu, Y., Kenchington, E., Xu, J., and Horne, E.: A High-Resolution 3-D Circulation Model in a Complex Archipelago on the Coastal Scotian Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC017791, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017791, 2022.
Fennel, K., Alin, S., Barbero, L., Evans, W., Bourgeois, T., Cooley, S., Dunne, J., Feely, R. A., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Hu, X., Lohrenz, S., Muller-Karger, F., Najjar, R., Robbins, L., Shadwick, E., Siedlecki, S., Steiner, N., Sutton, A., Turk, D., Vlahos, P., and Wang, Z. A.: Carbon cycling in the North American coastal ocean: a synthesis, Biogeosciences, 16, 1281–1304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, 2019.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada: Biophysical and Ecological Overview of the Eastern Shore Islands Area of Interest (AOI), DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2019/016 [data set], https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/40885045.pdf (last access: 15October2024), 2019.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CHS Atlantic Region: Bathymetry data, Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) NONNA Portal [data set], https://data.chs-shc.ca/login, last access: 9December2022.
Giustini, F., Ciotoli, G., Rinaldini, A., Ruggiero, L., and Voltaggio, M.: Mapping the geogenic radon potential and radon risk by using Empirical Bayesian Kriging regression: A case study from a volcanic area of central Italy, Sci. Total Environ., 661, 449–464, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.146, 2019.
Goff, J. A., Olson, H. C., and Duncan, C. S.: Correlation of side-scan backscatter intensity with grain-size distribution of shelf sediments, New Jersey margin, Geo Mar. Lett., 20, 43–49, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670000032, 2000.
Haar, C. D., Misiuk, B., Gazzola, V., Wells, M., and Brown, C. J.: Harmonizing multi-source backscatter data to generate regional seabed maps: Bay of Fundy, Canada, J. Maps, 19, 2223629, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2023.2223629, 2023.
Hedges, J. I. and Keil, R. G.: Sedimentary organic matter preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis, Mar. Chem., 49, 81–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00008-F, 1995.
Hilborn, R., Amoroso, R., Collie, J., Hiddink, J. G., Kaiser, M. J., Mazor, T., McConnaughey, R. A., Parma, A. M., Pitcher, C. R., Sciberras, M., and Suuronen, P.: Evaluating the sustainability and environmental impacts of trawling compared to other food production systems, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 80, fsad115, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsad115, 2023.
Hilmi, N., Chami, R., Sutherland, M. D., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Lebleu, L., Benitez, M. B., and Levin, L. A.: The Role of Blue Carbon in Climate Change Mitigation and Carbon Stock Conservation, Frontiers in Climate, 3, 710546, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.710546, 2021.
Howard, J., Sutton-Grier, A. E., Smart, L. S., Lopes, C. C., Hamilton, J., Kleypas, J., Simpson, S., McGowan, J., Pessarrodona, A., Alleway, H. K., and Landis, E.: Blue Carbon pathways for climate mitigation: Known, emerging and unlikely, Mar. Policy, 156, 105788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105788, 2023.
Huang, Z., Nichol, S. L., Siwabessy, J. P., Daniell, J., and Brooke, B. P.: Predictive modelling of seabed sediment parameters using multibeam acoustic data: a case study on the Carnarvon Shelf, Western Australia, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., 26, 283–307, 2012.
Hunt, C., Demšar, U., Dove, D., Smeaton, C., Cooper, R., and Austin, W. E. N.: Quantifying Marine Sedimentary Carbon: A New Spatial Analysis Approach Using Seafloor Acoustics, Imagery, and Ground-Truthing Data in Scotland, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 588, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00588, 2020.
Hunt, C. A., Demšar, U., Marchant, B., Dove, D., and Austin, W. E. N.: Sounding Out the Carbon: The Potential of Acoustic Backscatter Data to Yield Improved Spatial Predictions of Organic Carbon in Marine Sediments, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 756400, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.756400, 2021.
IPCC: Annex I: Glossary, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 677–702, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.010, 2019.
Jenkins, C.: Summary of the on-CALCULATION methods used in dbSEABED, http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/146/docs/onCALCULATION.pdf (last access: 13May2023), 2005.
Krause, J. R., Hinojosa-Corona, A., Gray, A. B., Herguera J. C., McDonnell, J., Schaefer, M. V., Ying, S. C., and Watson, E. B.: Beyond habitat boundaries: Organic matter cycling requires a system-wide approach for accurate blue carbon accounting, Limnol. Oceanogr., 67, S6–S18, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12071, 2022.
King, E. L.: Surficial geology and features of the inner shelf of eastern shore, offshore Nova Scotia, 8375, p. 8375, https://doi.org/10.4095/308454, 2018.
Krivoruchko, K. and Gribov, A.: Evaluation of empirical Bayesian kriging, Spat. Stat.-Neth., 32, 100368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2019.100368, 2019.
Laffoley, D., Baxter, J. M., Day, J. C., Wenzel, L., Bueno, P., and Zischka, K.: Chapter 29 – Marine Protected Areas, in: World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, edited by: Sheppard, C., 2nd Edn., Academic Press, 549–569, ISBN 9780128050521, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012-805052-1.00027-9, 2019.
Legge, O., Johnson, M., Hicks, N., Jickells, T., Diesing, M., Aldridge, J., Andrews, J., Artioli, Y., Bakker, D. C. E., Burrows, M. T., Carr, N., Cripps, G., Felgate, S. L., Fernand, L., Greenwood, N., Hartman, S., Kröger, S., Lessin, G., Mahaffey, C., Mayor, D. J., Parker, R., Queirós, A. M., Shutler, J. D., Silva, T., Stahl, H., Tinker, J., Underwood, G. J. C., Van Der Molen, J., Wakelin, S., Weston, K., and Williamson, P.: Carbon on the Northwest European Shelf: Contemporary Budget and Future Influences, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 143, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00143, 2020.
Liaw, A. and Wiener, M.: Classification and regression by randomForest, R News, 2, 18–22, 2002.
Lovelock, C. E. and Duarte, C. M.: Dimensions of Blue Carbon and emerging perspectives, Biol. Lett., 15, 20180781, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0781, 2019.
Lucieer, V., Hill, N. A., Barrett, N. S., and Nichol, S.: Do marine substrates “look” and “sound” the same? Supervised classification of multibeam acoustic data using autonomous underwater vehicle images, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 117, 94–106, 2013.
Mallik, S., Bhowmik, T., Mishra, U., and Paul, N.: Mapping and prediction of soil organic carbon by an advanced geostatistical technique using remote sensing and terrain data, Geocarto Int., 37, 2198–2214, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2020.1815864, 2022.
Mason, C.: NMBAQC's Best Practice Guidance, Particle Size Analysis (PSA) for Supporting Biological Analysis, National Marine Biological AQC Coordinating Committee, https://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/qiybf5sd/best-practice-guidance.pdf (last access: 15October2024), 2011.
Mayer, L., Jakobsson, M., Allen, G., Dorschel, B., Falconer, R., Ferrini, V., Lamarche, G., Snaith, H., and Weatherall, P.: The Nippon Foundation–GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project: The Quest to See the World's Oceans Completely Mapped by 2030, Geosciences, 8, 63, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8020063, 2018.
Mcleod, E., Chmura, G. L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., Björk, M., Duarte, C. M., and Silliman, B. R.: A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9, 552–560, 2011.
Middelburg, J. J.: Reviews and syntheses: to the bottom of carbon processing at the seafloor, Biogeosciences, 15, 413–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-413-2018, 2018.
Misiuk, B. and Brown, C. J.: Benthic habitat mapping: A review of three decades of mapping biological patterns on the seafloor, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 296, 108599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108599, 2024.
Misiuk, B., Diesing, M., Aitken, A., Brown, C. J., Edinger, E. N., and Bell, T.: A spatially explicit comparison of quantitative and categorical modelling approaches for mapping seabed sediments using random forest, Geosciences (Basel), 9, 254, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060254, 2019.
Misiuk, B., Brown, C. J., Robert, K., and Lacharite, M.: Harmonizing multi-source sonar backscatter datasets for seabed mapping using bulk shift approaches, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 601, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040601, 2020.
Misiuk, B., Lacharité, M., and Brown, C. J.: Assessing the use of harmonized multisource backscatter data for thematic benthic habitat mapping, Science of Remote Sensing, 3, 100015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2021.100015, 2021.
Mitchell, P. J., Aldridge, J., and Diesing, M.: Legacy data: How decades of seabed sampling can produce robust predictions and versatile products, Geosciences (Basel), 9, 182, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040182, 2019.
Mollenhauer, G., Schneider, R. R., Jennerjahn, T., Müller, P. J., and Wefer, G.: Organic carbon accumulation in the South Atlantic Ocean: its modern, mid-Holocene and last glacial distribution, Global Planet. Change, 40, 249–266, 2004.
Najjar, R. G., Herrmann, M., Alexander, R., Boyer, E. W., Burdige, D. J., Butman, D., Cai, W.-J., Canuel, E. A., Chen, R. F., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Feagin, R. A., Griffith, P. C., Hinson, A. L., Holmquist, J. R., Hu, X., Kemp, W. M., Kroeger, K. D., Mannino, A., McCallister, S. L., McGillis, W. R., Mulholland, M. R., Pilskaln, C. H., Salisbury, J., Signorini, S. R., St-Laurent, P., Tian, H., Tzortziou, M., Vlahos, P., Wang, Z. A., and Zimmerman, R. C.: Carbon Budget of Tidal Wetlands, Estuaries, and Shelf Waters of Eastern North America, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 389–416, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005790, 2018.
Oceans North: Mapping Carbon in Canada's Seafloor, https://www.oceansnorth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Seabed-Mapping-Policy-Brief-May2024_final2.pdf (last access: 20June2023), 2024.
Pellicone, G., Caloiero, T., Modica, G., and Guagliardi, I.: Application of several spatial interpolation techniques to monthly rainfall data in the Calabria region (southern Italy), Int. J. Climatol., 38, 3651–3666, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5525, 2018.
Sala, E., Mayorga, J., Bradley, D., Cabral, R. B., Atwood, T. B., Auber, A., Cheung, W., Costello, C., Ferretti, F., Friedlander, A. M., Gaines, S. D., Garilao, C., Goodell, W., Halpern, B. S., Hinson, A., Kaschner, K., Kesner-Reyes, K., Leprieur, F., McGowan, J., Morgan, L. E., Mouillot, D., Palacios-Abrantes, J., Possingham, H. P., Rechberger, K. D., Worm, B., and Lubchenco, J.: Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate, Nature, 592, 397–402, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z, 2021.
Serrano, O., Lavery, P. S., Duarte, C. M., Kendrick, G. A., Calafat, A., York, P. H., Steven, A., and Macreadie, P. I.: Can mud (silt and clay) concentration be used to predict soil organic carbon content within seagrass ecosystems?, Biogeosciences, 13, 4915–4926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4915-2016, 2016.
Simons, D. G. and Snellen, M.: A Bayesian approach to seafloor classification using multi-beam echo-sounder backscatter data, Appl. Acoust., 70, 1258–1268, 2009.
Smeaton, C. and Austin, W. E. N.: Where's the Carbon: Exploring the Spatial Heterogeneity of Sedimentary Carbon in Mid-Latitude Fjords, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 269, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00269, 2019.
Smeaton, C., Yang, H., and Austin, W. E. N.: Carbon burial in the mid-latitude fjords of Scotland, Mar. Geol., 441, 106618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106618, 2021.
Snelgrove, P. V. R., Soetaert, K., Solan, M., Thrush, S., Wei, C.-L., Danovaro, R., Fulweiler, R. W., Kitazato, H., Ingole, B., Norkko, A., Parkes, R. J., and Volkenborn, N.: Global Carbon Cycling on a Heterogeneous Seafloor, Trends Ecol. Evol., 33, 96–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.004, 2018.
Stephens, D. and Diesing, M.: A comparison of supervised classification methods for the prediction of substrate type using multibeam acoustic and legacy grain-size data, PloS one, 9, e93950, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093950, 2014.
Stephens, D. and Diesing, M.: Towards quantitative spatial models of seabed sediment composition, PloS One, 10, e0142502–e0142502, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142502, 2015.
Sutherland, T. F., Galloway, J., Loschiavo, R., Levings, C. D., and Hare, R.: Calibration techniques and sampling resolution requirements for groundtruthing multibeam acoustic backscatter (EM3000) and QTC VIEWTMclassification technology, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 75, 447–458, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.045, 2007.
Vandermeulen, H.: A Drop Camera Survey of the Eastern Shore Archipelago, Nova Scotia, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3258, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/mpo-dfo/Fs97-6-3258-eng.pdf (last access: 8November2022), 2018.
Verardo, D. J., Froelich, P. N., and McIntyre, A.: Determination of organic carbon and nitrogen in marine sediments using the Carlo Erba NA-1500 analyzer, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 37, 157–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90034-S, 1990.
Wilson, R. J., Speirs, D. C., Sabatino, A., and Heath, M. R.: A synthetic map of the north-west European Shelf sedimentary environment for applications in marine science, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 109–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-109-2018, 2018.